2.句子中的重读词与非重读词
重读词非重读词
名词:多数名词(如bus,plane等) 名词:泛指的名词(如thing,matter)
助动词(在简短答句中或位于句首时,do用于加强语气时)助动词(如shall,have,will)
形容词,主要动词冠词
副词(如fast)副词:程度副词(如very,almost,too)
代词:
①人称代词在句末做主语时
②指示代词(如this,those)
③名词性物主代词(如yours,hers)
④反身代词(如myself,yourself,用于加强语气或与by连用时)
代词:
①人称代词(如I,they)
②物主代词(如my,your)
③反身代词做宾语时
重读词非重读词
复合不定代词:在句首做主语时(如something,anybody)复合不定代词:用作宾语时
关系词:引导非限制性定语从句的关系词(如which)关系词:引导从句的关系词(如where,which)
介词:双音节或多音节介词(如during,beyong);单音节或双音节介词位于句首时介词:单音节介词和部分双音节介词(如in,on,at)
连词:短语连词(如as well as)在句首引导从句时连词:(如or,and)
疑问代词和副词(如who,when)
数量词:基数词、序数词等表示数量的词
否定词(如no,not,nothing,nobody)
说话意图对词重读的影响
(1)说话有很大的目的性,说话时会重读要强调的内容。
范例:
I bought three desks.(强调是三个,不是其他数量)
She can sing well.(强调是她,不是别人)
(2)上文已经提到过的词或已经表达过的意思,在下文就可以不重读。
Lillian:Is this book yours?
Jack:No.Mine is a big book.(book可不重读)
句子的升调和降调
语调(intonation),即说话的腔调,就是一句话里声调(pitch)高低、抑扬、轻重的配制和变化。世界上没有一种语言是用单一的声调说出的,英语有五种基本语调:升调(↗)、降调(↙)、升降调(∧)、降升调(∨)以及平调(→)。一句话除了词汇意义(lexical meaning)还有语调意义(intonation meaning)。所谓词汇意义就是话中所用词的意义,而语调意义就是说话人用语调所表示的态度或口气。一句话的词汇意义加上语调意义才算是完整的意义。同样的句子,语调不同意思就会不同,有时甚至会相差千里。请看如下例子:
A:Jean, can you bring me the newspaper?
B:Sorry?(↗)
Jean用升调说Sorry,其意思是I didn’t hear you. Could you say that again, please?
我们再看下句:
A:Jean, can you bring me the newspaper?
B:Sorry.(↙)
在第二个对话中,Jean用降调说Sorry,显然其意思是拒绝帮助或无能为力。
1.升调
升调一般用来表示不确定、不完整或者表示礼貌。一般来说,在如下几种情况下要用到升调。
(1)表示怀疑和不肯定的一般疑问句。例如:
Have you ever been to China(↗) ?
Can you speak English(↗)?
Can you talk to him today(↗)?
Shall we go to see her(↗)?
Is it the book you are reading(↗)?
(2)陈述疑问句。例如:
I must go to work on weekends(↗)?
You are angry with him(↗)?
(3)选择问句前面的选择部分。例如:
Do you like beef(↗), chicken(↗), or fish?
Is it white(↗), blue(↗), or red?
(4)反意疑问句的附加问句。例如:
You are a teacher, aren’t(↗) you(↗)?
You cannot speak English, can(↗) you(↗)?
You have finished your work, haven’t(↗) you(↗)?
Tom didn’t get there in time, did(↗) he(↗)?
We shall not have time, shall(↗) we(↗)?
(5)语句未完的短语或列举。例如:
He sat down by my side, took out a small piece of paper and gave it to me(↗).
I like maths, English, Physics and Biology(↗).
(6)句首的状语。例如:
A moment later, she arrived home(↗).
Under the bed sits the fat cat(↗).
(7)有礼貌的请求。例如:
Take a seat. Follow me, please(↗).
(8)语气显得友好和关切的特殊疑问句。例如:
Where did you go for holiday(↗)?
What’s your name(↗)?
2.降调
降调用在以下几种情况中:
(1)普通陈述句。例如:
France is a beautiful country(↙).
Mary and I live in the same dormitory(↙).
Tom is not a very good lawyer, I’m afraid(↙).
(2)特殊疑问句。例如:
What does he do for a living(↙)?
What is the weather like today(↙)?
(3)表示命令的祈使句。例如:
Be quiet(↙).
Come here(↙).
(4)感叹句。例如:
What a shame(↙)!
How weird(↙)!
My godness(↙)!
What a beautiful day(↙)!
How strange(↙)!
What nonsense(↙)!
What a pretty gift it is(↙)!
How wonderful it is to take a walk after supper(↙)!
(5)选择疑问句的最后选择部分。例如:
Is she American or British(↙)?
Did you put your money in the wallet or in your pocket(↙)?
(6)反意疑问句的前一部分。例如:
You are a teacher, aren’t(↙) you(↙)?
Let’s go to school together, shall(↙) we(↙)?
(7)作答语的简短问句。例如:
—Tom is absent today.
—Is he(↙)?
—I went to the movie last night.
—Did you(↙)?