书城外语从零开始学英语:速成英语发音王
8809500000016

第16章 深入学习语音语调(2)

2.句子中的重读词与非重读词

重读词非重读词

名词:多数名词(如bus,plane等) 名词:泛指的名词(如thing,matter)

助动词(在简短答句中或位于句首时,do用于加强语气时)助动词(如shall,have,will)

形容词,主要动词冠词

副词(如fast)副词:程度副词(如very,almost,too)

代词:

①人称代词在句末做主语时

②指示代词(如this,those)

③名词性物主代词(如yours,hers)

④反身代词(如myself,yourself,用于加强语气或与by连用时)

代词:

①人称代词(如I,they)

②物主代词(如my,your)

③反身代词做宾语时

重读词非重读词

复合不定代词:在句首做主语时(如something,anybody)复合不定代词:用作宾语时

关系词:引导非限制性定语从句的关系词(如which)关系词:引导从句的关系词(如where,which)

介词:双音节或多音节介词(如during,beyong);单音节或双音节介词位于句首时介词:单音节介词和部分双音节介词(如in,on,at)

连词:短语连词(如as well as)在句首引导从句时连词:(如or,and)

疑问代词和副词(如who,when)

数量词:基数词、序数词等表示数量的词

否定词(如no,not,nothing,nobody)

说话意图对词重读的影响

(1)说话有很大的目的性,说话时会重读要强调的内容。

范例:

I bought three desks.(强调是三个,不是其他数量)

She can sing well.(强调是她,不是别人)

(2)上文已经提到过的词或已经表达过的意思,在下文就可以不重读。

Lillian:Is this book yours?

Jack:No.Mine is a big book.(book可不重读)

句子的升调和降调

语调(intonation),即说话的腔调,就是一句话里声调(pitch)高低、抑扬、轻重的配制和变化。世界上没有一种语言是用单一的声调说出的,英语有五种基本语调:升调(↗)、降调(↙)、升降调(∧)、降升调(∨)以及平调(→)。一句话除了词汇意义(lexical meaning)还有语调意义(intonation meaning)。所谓词汇意义就是话中所用词的意义,而语调意义就是说话人用语调所表示的态度或口气。一句话的词汇意义加上语调意义才算是完整的意义。同样的句子,语调不同意思就会不同,有时甚至会相差千里。请看如下例子:

A:Jean, can you bring me the newspaper?

B:Sorry?(↗)

Jean用升调说Sorry,其意思是I didn’t hear you. Could you say that again, please?

我们再看下句:

A:Jean, can you bring me the newspaper?

B:Sorry.(↙)

在第二个对话中,Jean用降调说Sorry,显然其意思是拒绝帮助或无能为力。

1.升调

升调一般用来表示不确定、不完整或者表示礼貌。一般来说,在如下几种情况下要用到升调。

(1)表示怀疑和不肯定的一般疑问句。例如:

Have you ever been to China(↗) ?

Can you speak English(↗)?

Can you talk to him today(↗)?

Shall we go to see her(↗)?

Is it the book you are reading(↗)?

(2)陈述疑问句。例如:

I must go to work on weekends(↗)?

You are angry with him(↗)?

(3)选择问句前面的选择部分。例如:

Do you like beef(↗), chicken(↗), or fish?

Is it white(↗), blue(↗), or red?

(4)反意疑问句的附加问句。例如:

You are a teacher, aren’t(↗) you(↗)?

You cannot speak English, can(↗) you(↗)?

You have finished your work, haven’t(↗) you(↗)?

Tom didn’t get there in time, did(↗) he(↗)?

We shall not have time, shall(↗) we(↗)?

(5)语句未完的短语或列举。例如:

He sat down by my side, took out a small piece of paper and gave it to me(↗).

I like maths, English, Physics and Biology(↗).

(6)句首的状语。例如:

A moment later, she arrived home(↗).

Under the bed sits the fat cat(↗).

(7)有礼貌的请求。例如:

Take a seat. Follow me, please(↗).

(8)语气显得友好和关切的特殊疑问句。例如:

Where did you go for holiday(↗)?

What’s your name(↗)?

2.降调

降调用在以下几种情况中:

(1)普通陈述句。例如:

France is a beautiful country(↙).

Mary and I live in the same dormitory(↙).

Tom is not a very good lawyer, I’m afraid(↙).

(2)特殊疑问句。例如:

What does he do for a living(↙)?

What is the weather like today(↙)?

(3)表示命令的祈使句。例如:

Be quiet(↙).

Come here(↙).

(4)感叹句。例如:

What a shame(↙)!

How weird(↙)!

My godness(↙)!

What a beautiful day(↙)!

How strange(↙)!

What nonsense(↙)!

What a pretty gift it is(↙)!

How wonderful it is to take a walk after supper(↙)!

(5)选择疑问句的最后选择部分。例如:

Is she American or British(↙)?

Did you put your money in the wallet or in your pocket(↙)?

(6)反意疑问句的前一部分。例如:

You are a teacher, aren’t(↙) you(↙)?

Let’s go to school together, shall(↙) we(↙)?

(7)作答语的简短问句。例如:

—Tom is absent today.

—Is he(↙)?

—I went to the movie last night.

—Did you(↙)?