But,Sir,there was your countryman,Elwal,who you told me challenged King George with his black-guards,and his red-guards.'JOHNSON.'My countryman,Elwal,Sir,should have been put in the stocks;a proper pulpit for him;and he'd have had a numerous audience.A man who preaches in the stocks will always have hearers enough.'BOSWELL.'But Elwal thought himself in the right.'JOHNSON.'We are not providing for mad people;there are places for them in the neighbourhood.'
(meaning moorfields.)MAYO.'But,Sir,is it not very hard that Ishould not be allowed to teach my children what I really believe to be the truth?'JOHNSON.'Why,Sir,you might contrive to teach your children extra scandalum;but,Sir,the magistrate,if he knows it,has a right to restrain you.Suppose you teach your children to be thieves?'MAYO.'This is making a joke of the subject.'JOHNSON.'Nay,Sir,take it thus:--that you teach them the community of goods;for which there are as many plausible arguments as for most erroneous doctrines.You teach them that all things at first were in common,and that no man had a right to any thing but as he laid his hands upon it;and that this still is,or ought to be,the rule amongst mankind.Here,Sir,you sap a great principle in society,--property.And don't you think the magistrate would have a right to prevent you?Or,suppose you should teach your children the notion of the Adamites,and they should run naked into the streets,would not the magistrate have a right to flog 'em into their doublets?'MAYO.'I think the magistrate has no right to interfere till there is some overt act.'
BOSWELL.'So,Sir,though he sees an enemy to the state charging a blunderbuss,he is not to interfere till it is fired off?'MAYO.
'He must be sure of its direction against the state.'JOHNSON.
'The magistrate is to judge of that.--He has no right to restrain your thinking,because the evil centers in yourself.If a man were sitting at this table,and chopping off his fingers,the magistrate,as guardian of the community,has no authority to restrain him,however he might do it from kindness as a parent.--Though,indeed,upon more consideration,I think he may;as it is probable,that he who is chopping off his own fingers,may soon proceed to chop off those of other people.If I think it right to steal Mr.Dilly's plate,I am a bad man;but he can say nothing to me.If I make an open declaration that I think so,he will keep me out of his house.If I put forth my hand,I shall be sent to Newgate.This is the gradation of thinking,preaching,and acting:
if a man thinks erroneously,he may keep his thoughts to himself,and nobody will trouble him;if he preaches erroneous doctrine,society may expel him;if he acts in consequence of it,the law takes place,and he is hanged.'MAYO.'But,Sir,ought not Christians to have liberty of conscience?'JOHNSON.'I have already told you so,Sir.You are coming back to where you were.'
BOSWELL.'Dr.Mayo is always taking a return post-chaise,and going the stage over again.He has it at half price.'JOHNSON.
'Dr.Mayo,like other champions for unlimited toleration,has got a set of words.Sir,it is no matter,politically,whether the magistrate be right or wrong.Suppose a club were to be formed,to drink confusion to King George the Third,and a happy restoration to Charles the Third,this would be very bad with respect to the State;but every member of that club must either conform to its rules,or be turned out of it.Old Baxter,I remember,maintains,that the magistrate should "tolerate all things that are tolerable."This is no good definition of toleration upon any principle;but it shows that he thought some things were not tolerable.'TOPLADY.'Sir,you have untwisted this difficult subject with great dexterity.'
During this argument,Goldsmith sat in restless agitation,from a wish to get in and SHINE.Finding himself excluded,he had taken his hat to go away,but remained for some time with it in his hand,like a gamester,who at the close of a long night,lingers for a little while,to see if he can have a favourable opening to finish with success.Once when he was beginning to speak,he found himself overpowered by the loud voice of Johnson,who was at the opposite end of the table,and did not perceive Goldsmith's attempt.Thus disappointed of his wish to obtain the attention of the company,Goldsmith in a passion threw down his hat,looking angrily at Johnson,and exclaiming in a bitter tone,'TAKE IT.'
When Toplady was going to speak,Johnson uttered some sound,which led Goldsmith to think that he was beginning again,and taking the words from Toplady.Upon which,he seized this opportunity of venting his own envy and spleen,under the pretext of supporting another person:
'Sir,(said he to Johnson,)the gentleman has heard you patiently for an hour;pray allow us now to hear him.'JOHNSON.(sternly,)'Sir,I was not interrupting the gentleman.I was only giving him a signal of my attention.Sir,you are impertinent.'Goldsmith made no reply,but continued in the company for some time.
A gentleman present ventured to ask Dr.Johnson if there was not a material difference as to toleration of opinions which lead to action,and opinions merely speculative;for instance,would it be wrong in the magistrate to tolerate those who preach against the doctrine of the TRINITY?Johnson was highly offended,and said,'Iwonder,Sir,how a gentleman of your piety can introduce this subject in a mixed company.'He told me afterwards,that the impropriety was,that perhaps some of the company might have talked on the subject in such terms as might have shocked him;or he might have been forced to appear in their eyes a narrow-minded man.The gentleman,with submissive deference,said,he had only hinted at the question from a desire to hear Dr.Johnson's opinion upon it.